Connect your ideas with those of your source's.Īll information written on this page has been excerpted from the official handbook of the IUP writing center: Hacker, Diana. Context, Flow, and Citation In nonfiction, signal phrases are used to give attribution rather than set off dialogue. Signal Phrase: a phrase, clause, or even sentence which leads into a quotation or statistic. Or if you use them, be sure that you spend time discussing them in your own words. Common signal phrase verbs include the following: argue, assert, claim, comment, confirm, contend, declare, deny, emphasize, illustrate, imply, insist, note, observe, point out, report, respond, say, suggest, think, and write. Similarly, try to avoid too many long quotations. Use direct quotations only when a source is particularly clear or expressive. The verb tenses you use should be determined by whether you are using Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), or Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) guidelines. If you include too many quotations in a research essay, readers may form the impression that you cannot think for yourself. The verbs you use in your signal phrases should align with the attitude of the source you are quoting. To do this, follow up the quotation with a sentence or two of your own that reinforces or expands upon it. When you use a quotation, help the reader make a smooth transition back into your own words. When you write a signal phrase, choose a verb. Signal phrases provide clear signals to prepare the readers for the quotation.Ĭhoose a verb that is appropriate in the context. A signal phrase usually names the author of the source and often provides some context for the source material. Readers should be able to move from your own words to the words you quote without feeling an abrupt shift. When you choose to use quotations, make sure that they are integrated smoothly into the text of your paper.
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